Site exploration: purpose, plan and methods of soil explorations, evaluation of field tests data. Types of foundations and their selection. Introduction to Ethiopia standards and other standards in foundations area. Design of shallow foundations: isolated or spread footings, combined footings, strap or cantilevered footings, mat foundations, eccentrically and inclined loaded foundations. Analysis and design of retaining structures: conventional retaining walls, introduction to soil reinforcement techniques, sheet pile walls. Comparison of hand calculations with SAFE/PLAXIS/GEOSLOPE